Assessment of the Vulnerability of Aquifers in Basement Areas to Pollution from Agriculture: The Case of the Boulbi Rice Plain in Burkina Faso

Amadou Keïta; Moussa Bruno Kafando; Seyram Kossi Sossou; Maanou Rosella Axiane Mantoro; Delphine Aissata Bama

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.11

Research Article |

| Peer-Reviewed

Assessment of the Vulnerability of Aquifers in Basement Areas to Pollution from Agriculture: The Case of the Boulbi Rice Plain in Burkina Faso

Amadou Keïta

, Moussa Bruno Kafando^*

, Seyram Kossi Sossou

, Maanou Rosella Axiane Mantoro, Delphine Aissata Bama

Published in American Journal of Environmental Protection (Volume 13, Issue 3)

Received: 21 May 2024 Accepted: 6 June 2024 Published: 27 June 2024

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Abstract

Groundwater is a major source of water, meeting the domestic water needs of more than 70% of Africa's population. Although prized for its relatively good quality compared with surface water, groundwater is increasingly subjected to multiple sources of pollution. Long thought to be the solution to increasing agricultural production and achieving food self-sufficiency, agricultural inputs are now being pointed out in Burkina Faso as a major source of water pollution. However, few studies exist showing the contribution of agricultural inputs to groundwater pollution. The aim of this study is to show the impact of the use of agricultural inputs on groundwater quality: the case of the Boulbi valley rice-growing area in Burkina Faso, West Africa. Soil properties were measured using a double-ring infiltrometer and Harmonized World Soil Database. Groundwater recharge was assessed by Thornthwaite’s equation. The DRASTIC, GOD and SI methods were applied to map the valley’s vulnerability. Fertilizers and phytochemicals were recorded by surveys. A sampling of surface and groundwater was done in 32 locations and the chemical characteristics (pH, EC, NO^3-, SO₄^2-, PO₄^2- and K⁺) confronted with the vulnerability indices. Results show that the soils were predominantly clay (41%), silt (37%) and silty sand (22%). Twenty types of phytochemicals were used, among which 35% were composed of the controversial glyphosate (denounced as carcinogenic) and 30% made with paraquat chloride also accused of being responsible for several self-poisoning. All the three methods pointed to a low vulnerability risk, partly because of the purification role of clay. The average pH is 8.2 ± 0.4, explaining the low-rice yield (<4.0 tons/ha), in spite of fertilizer use. Although the risk assessment rendered non-alarming situation, preventive measures about health and environment need to be taken.

Published in	American Journal of Environmental Protection (Volume 13, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.11
Page(s)	49-68
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Burkina Faso, Chemicals, DRASTIC, GIS, GOD, Groundwater, Pollution, SI, Vulnerability

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Keïta, A., Kafando, M. B., Sossou, S. K., Mantoro, M. R. A., Bama, D. A. (2024). Assessment of the Vulnerability of Aquifers in Basement Areas to Pollution from Agriculture: The Case of the Boulbi Rice Plain in Burkina Faso. American Journal of Environmental Protection, 13(3), 49-68. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.11

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Keïta, A.; Kafando, M. B.; Sossou, S. K.; Mantoro, M. R. A.; Bama, D. A. Assessment of the Vulnerability of Aquifers in Basement Areas to Pollution from Agriculture: The Case of the Boulbi Rice Plain in Burkina Faso. Am. J. Environ. Prot. 2024, 13(3), 49-68. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.11

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Keïta A, Kafando MB, Sossou SK, Mantoro MRA, Bama DA. Assessment of the Vulnerability of Aquifers in Basement Areas to Pollution from Agriculture: The Case of the Boulbi Rice Plain in Burkina Faso. Am J Environ Prot. 2024;13(3):49-68. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.11,
  author = {Amadou Keïta and Moussa Bruno Kafando and Seyram Kossi Sossou and Maanou Rosella Axiane Mantoro and Delphine Aissata Bama},
  title = {Assessment of the Vulnerability of Aquifers in Basement Areas to Pollution from Agriculture: The Case of the Boulbi Rice Plain in Burkina Faso
},
  journal = {American Journal of Environmental Protection},
  volume = {13},
  number = {3},
  pages = {49-68},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajep.20241303.11},
  abstract = {Groundwater is a major source of water, meeting the domestic water needs of more than 70% of Africa's population. Although prized for its relatively good quality compared with surface water, groundwater is increasingly subjected to multiple sources of pollution. Long thought to be the solution to increasing agricultural production and achieving food self-sufficiency, agricultural inputs are now being pointed out in Burkina Faso as a major source of water pollution. However, few studies exist showing the contribution of agricultural inputs to groundwater pollution. The aim of this study is to show the impact of the use of agricultural inputs on groundwater quality: the case of the Boulbi valley rice-growing area in Burkina Faso, West Africa. Soil properties were measured using a double-ring infiltrometer and Harmonized World Soil Database. Groundwater recharge was assessed by Thornthwaite’s equation. The DRASTIC, GOD and SI methods were applied to map the valley’s vulnerability. Fertilizers and phytochemicals were recorded by surveys. A sampling of surface and groundwater was done in 32 locations and the chemical characteristics (pH, EC, NO3-, SO42-, PO42- and K+) confronted with the vulnerability indices. Results show that the soils were predominantly clay (41%), silt (37%) and silty sand (22%). Twenty types of phytochemicals were used, among which 35% were composed of the controversial glyphosate (denounced as carcinogenic) and 30% made with paraquat chloride also accused of being responsible for several self-poisoning. All the three methods pointed to a low vulnerability risk, partly because of the purification role of clay. The average pH is 8.2 ± 0.4, explaining the low-rice yield (<4.0 tons/ha), in spite of fertilizer use. Although the risk assessment rendered non-alarming situation, preventive measures about health and environment need to be taken.
},
 year = {2024}
}

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TY - JOUR
T1 - Assessment of the Vulnerability of Aquifers in Basement Areas to Pollution from Agriculture: The Case of the Boulbi Rice Plain in Burkina Faso

AU - Amadou Keïta
AU - Moussa Bruno Kafando
AU - Seyram Kossi Sossou
AU - Maanou Rosella Axiane Mantoro
AU - Delphine Aissata Bama
Y1 - 2024/06/27
PY - 2024
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.11
DO - 10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.11
T2 - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JF - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JO - American Journal of Environmental Protection
SP - 49
EP - 68
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2328-5699
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.11
AB - Groundwater is a major source of water, meeting the domestic water needs of more than 70% of Africa's population. Although prized for its relatively good quality compared with surface water, groundwater is increasingly subjected to multiple sources of pollution. Long thought to be the solution to increasing agricultural production and achieving food self-sufficiency, agricultural inputs are now being pointed out in Burkina Faso as a major source of water pollution. However, few studies exist showing the contribution of agricultural inputs to groundwater pollution. The aim of this study is to show the impact of the use of agricultural inputs on groundwater quality: the case of the Boulbi valley rice-growing area in Burkina Faso, West Africa. Soil properties were measured using a double-ring infiltrometer and Harmonized World Soil Database. Groundwater recharge was assessed by Thornthwaite’s equation. The DRASTIC, GOD and SI methods were applied to map the valley’s vulnerability. Fertilizers and phytochemicals were recorded by surveys. A sampling of surface and groundwater was done in 32 locations and the chemical characteristics (pH, EC, NO3-, SO42-, PO42- and K+) confronted with the vulnerability indices. Results show that the soils were predominantly clay (41%), silt (37%) and silty sand (22%). Twenty types of phytochemicals were used, among which 35% were composed of the controversial glyphosate (denounced as carcinogenic) and 30% made with paraquat chloride also accused of being responsible for several self-poisoning. All the three methods pointed to a low vulnerability risk, partly because of the purification role of clay. The average pH is 8.2 ± 0.4, explaining the low-rice yield (<4.0 tons/ha), in spite of fertilizer use. Although the risk assessment rendered non-alarming situation, preventive measures about health and environment need to be taken.

VL - 13
IS - 3
ER -

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Author Information

Amadou Keïta

Laboratory of Water, Hydro-Systems and Agriculture (LEHSA), International Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering (2iE), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0257-7412
Moussa Bruno Kafando

Laboratory of Water, Hydro-Systems and Agriculture (LEHSA), International Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering (2iE), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4305-1556
Seyram Kossi Sossou

Laboratory of Water, Hydro-Systems and Agriculture (LEHSA), International Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering (2iE), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9190-7200
Maanou Rosella Axiane Mantoro

Laboratory of Water, Hydro-Systems and Agriculture (LEHSA), International Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering (2iE), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
Delphine Aissata Bama

Department of Vegetable Production, Institute of Environment and Agricultural Research (INERA), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

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APA Style

Keïta, A., Kafando, M. B., Sossou, S. K., Mantoro, M. R. A., Bama, D. A. (2024). Assessment of the Vulnerability of Aquifers in Basement Areas to Pollution from Agriculture: The Case of the Boulbi Rice Plain in Burkina Faso. American Journal of Environmental Protection, 13(3), 49-68. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.11

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ACS Style

Keïta, A.; Kafando, M. B.; Sossou, S. K.; Mantoro, M. R. A.; Bama, D. A. Assessment of the Vulnerability of Aquifers in Basement Areas to Pollution from Agriculture: The Case of the Boulbi Rice Plain in Burkina Faso. Am. J. Environ. Prot. 2024, 13(3), 49-68. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.11

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AMA Style

Keïta A, Kafando MB, Sossou SK, Mantoro MRA, Bama DA. Assessment of the Vulnerability of Aquifers in Basement Areas to Pollution from Agriculture: The Case of the Boulbi Rice Plain in Burkina Faso. Am J Environ Prot. 2024;13(3):49-68. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.11,
  author = {Amadou Keïta and Moussa Bruno Kafando and Seyram Kossi Sossou and Maanou Rosella Axiane Mantoro and Delphine Aissata Bama},
  title = {Assessment of the Vulnerability of Aquifers in Basement Areas to Pollution from Agriculture: The Case of the Boulbi Rice Plain in Burkina Faso
},
  journal = {American Journal of Environmental Protection},
  volume = {13},
  number = {3},
  pages = {49-68},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajep.20241303.11},
  abstract = {Groundwater is a major source of water, meeting the domestic water needs of more than 70% of Africa's population. Although prized for its relatively good quality compared with surface water, groundwater is increasingly subjected to multiple sources of pollution. Long thought to be the solution to increasing agricultural production and achieving food self-sufficiency, agricultural inputs are now being pointed out in Burkina Faso as a major source of water pollution. However, few studies exist showing the contribution of agricultural inputs to groundwater pollution. The aim of this study is to show the impact of the use of agricultural inputs on groundwater quality: the case of the Boulbi valley rice-growing area in Burkina Faso, West Africa. Soil properties were measured using a double-ring infiltrometer and Harmonized World Soil Database. Groundwater recharge was assessed by Thornthwaite’s equation. The DRASTIC, GOD and SI methods were applied to map the valley’s vulnerability. Fertilizers and phytochemicals were recorded by surveys. A sampling of surface and groundwater was done in 32 locations and the chemical characteristics (pH, EC, NO3-, SO42-, PO42- and K+) confronted with the vulnerability indices. Results show that the soils were predominantly clay (41%), silt (37%) and silty sand (22%). Twenty types of phytochemicals were used, among which 35% were composed of the controversial glyphosate (denounced as carcinogenic) and 30% made with paraquat chloride also accused of being responsible for several self-poisoning. All the three methods pointed to a low vulnerability risk, partly because of the purification role of clay. The average pH is 8.2 ± 0.4, explaining the low-rice yield (<4.0 tons/ha), in spite of fertilizer use. Although the risk assessment rendered non-alarming situation, preventive measures about health and environment need to be taken.
},
 year = {2024}
}

Copy | Download

TY - JOUR
T1 - Assessment of the Vulnerability of Aquifers in Basement Areas to Pollution from Agriculture: The Case of the Boulbi Rice Plain in Burkina Faso

VL - 13
IS - 3
ER -

Copy | Download